Between January and March 2026, human rights defenders and local media covered new internal displacements in West Papua due to new security force raids and the increasing presence of military personnel in the central highlands. As of late March 2026, more than 107,039 civilians across multiple regencies remained internally displaced due to military operations and armed conflict (see table below). Armed violence and military raids occurred in remote areas of West Papua, which are mainly inhabited by indigenous Papuans. The vulnerability of indigenous Papuans to internal displacement and state violence is further exacerbated by the tendency of security forces to racially profile and stigmatize indigenous Papuans as supporters or members of the West Papua National Liberation Army (TPNPB).
Incidents triggering new internal displacements reportedly occurred in the regencies Mimika, Puncak, Intan Jaya, Tambrauw, Nabire, and Yahukimo. An unknown number of indigenous Papuans were internally displaced due to armed conflict incidents in the Boven Digoel Regency in February 2026, and tribal warfare in the Kapiraya District of Paniai Regency in early March 2026.
Across all displacement sites, conditions remain consistently severe. Displaced populations face critical shortages of food, medicine, clean water, and shelter. Those taking refuge in forests are particularly vulnerable, with little to no humanitarian assistance reaching them, while individuals housed in temporary camps contend with dangerous overcrowding, limited resources, and a near-total breakdown of normal daily life.
HRM observed a significant raise in arbitrary detentions in conflict zones like Yahukimo, Intan Jaya , or Tambrauw since January 2026. Moreover, ongoing military operations reportedly involving battle drones, mortars and air raids in civilian populated areas across the central highlands (read sections Intan Jaya and Puncak below) violate principles of distinction between combatants and non-combatants and have resulted the cessation of daily activities and paralysation of health and education services. Such patterns cause fear among local communities and encourage the civilian population to leave these areas.
Christian Solidarity International (CSI) expressed their concerns over the growing numbers of IDPs due to increased military activity at an UN human Rights Council Session on 25 March 2026. Moreover, CSI noted that military operations in West Papua are closely linked to large-scale resource extraction projects involving nickel, gold, and industrial plantations. CSI supported the call made by the World Council of Churches (WCC) at a UN Human Rights Council side event on March 4 2026. Both organisations urge the Indonesian government to extend invitations to the Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council and to facilitate a visit by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.”
Tambrauw
On 18 March 2026, joint Indonesian military and police forces conducted raids in the districts Fef and Bamus Bama, Tambrauw Regency, South West Papua province. Security force personnel reportedly detained at least 12 villagers without warrants. The military operation followed a violent incident on 16 March 2026 in the Jokbu Village, during which members of the West Papua National Liberation Aremy (TPNPB) killed two health workers. An unknown number of people in the districts Fef and Bamusbama reportedly fled to the forest or sought shelter with relatives in the Tambrauw’s main town Fef. Following the incident, local human rights defenders observed a second wave of displacement to the city of Sorong after additional security forces were deployed to Fef.
Detainees with their hands bound and visible injuries, lying on the floor at the Tambrauw Police Headquarters in Fef, 18 March 2026
Yahukimo
By mid-March 2026, the Catholic Parish of Sang Penebus in Sentani had launched a solidarity campaign, coordinated by JPIC OFM Papua, dispatching clothing, and medicine. The first batch of aid was successfully distributed on 23 March 2026 (see video below, source: GIDI). Urgent medical needs identified included antibiotics, vitamins, blood pressure monitors, nebulisers and oxygen cylinders, highlighting the near-total collapse of healthcare access for IDPs. Yahukimo is reported to be one of the largest focal points of displacement and has become the regency leading the statistics on armed violence in West Papua in 2025. In addition, security forces have significantly intensified raids and patrols in the Dekai District, causing widespread fear among the civilian population. HRM observed a significant increase of arbitrary detentions in Dekai between January and March 2026.
IDPs in Yahukimo received relieved relief goods donated by the Catholic Parish in Sentani on 29 March 2026
Mimika
On 2 March 2026, Indonesian military forces conducted operations in the Tembagapura District, in the area around Mile 69 within the PT Freeport Indonesia mining concession. One civilian was reportedly killed while at least two others were wounded by gunfire during the TPNPB ambush. Subsequent security force raids reportedly involved indiscriminate shooting into civilian settlements and surrounding forest, triggering mass displacement from Kali Kabur and surrounding villages. By 5 March 2026, an estimated more than 1,000 civilians had been internally displaced, including infants, young children, pregnant women and the elderly. The IDPs had to walk several kilometres on foot to seek shelter with relatives. On 5 March 2026, displaced persons from Kali Kabur were receiving guidance from community leaders, police, and churches in preparation for evacuation to Timika. No official statement had been issued by the TNI or Indonesian National Police at the time of reporting.
Indigenous peoples flee from Tembaggapura District flee their villages, March’26
Nabire
From 1 March 2026, Indonesian military (TNI) and police (Polri) forces launched large-scale joint operations across multiple locations in the Nabire District of Nabire Regency, including the Nabarua Complex, SP 3, Topo, and along the Nabire-Ilaga Trans Road, involving more than 500 ground troops as well as military and civilian helicopters. The operations, officially justifierd as law enforcement actions targeting TPNPB forces followed an attack on a security post of company PT Kristalin and resulted in significant internal displacement.
On 8 March 2026, joint TNI-Polri forces evicted residents of Nabarua Atas, with the number of displaced persons and the location of evacuation centres not yet confirmed. Residents of the Nabarua Complex fled their homes, which were subsequently occupied by Indonesian military personnel, while civilians living on farms at SP 3, Topo and KM 100 reportedly fled to Nabire City. No humanitarian aid figures or confirmed IDP numbers for Nabire were available at the time of reporting.
IDPs from the Nabire District, March 2026
Puncak
Beginning on 22 January 2026, military personnel launched large-scale land and air operations across Puncak Regency, Central Papua Province, particularly targeting the Kembru District. The operations reportedly significantly escalated on 31 January, reportedly involving drone-dropped explosives, mortars and shootings directed at civilian villages and IDP settlements, including the villages of Nilome, Kembru, Makuma, Tenoti, Kumikomo, Yigunggi, Gelegi, Aguit and Belaba. On 31 January, internet access was deliberately cut off from 07:00 am until the following day, preventing civilians from reporting the attacks. Further incidents were recorded on 8 February, when grenades were allegedly dropped on civilian areas during Christian Sunday worship services. On 3 March 2026, a drone dropped reportedly a grenade on a ceremonial site in Kembru District, which fortunately did not explode (see photos below, source: independent HRD). Armed clashes erupted again in the Omukia District on 27 March 2026 (see video below, source: independent HRD) which may potentially result in new displacements.
According to information the received, the military operations caused mass displacement of civilians across multiple districts. Residents from villages Kembru, Tenoti, Nilume and Makuma fled to Yambi and Sinak Districts in the neighbouring Puncak Jaya Regency, while civilians from Abuit, Belaba, Molu and Aguit fled into the wilderness. On 21 February 2026, the Regent of Puncak was distributing food aid to IDPs who had fled tot he neighbouring Puncak Jaya Regency. Sick individuals, the elderly, pregnant women, and infants were among those forced to walk tens of kilometres through forest to reach safety. By 8 March 2026, a further military operation in West Beoga District, reportedly forced residents into the forest overnight, with 61 civilians taking refuge in Mamere Village without access to food or health services.
Human rights defenders and civil society groups documented additional violations beyond the bombings, including the conversion of YPPGI Milawak Primary School in Puncak Regency into a military post, alleged sexual violence against a civilian woman by military personnel in Beoga District, civilian intimidation, and the displacement of entire villages across multiple districts. Church leaders and NGOs have called on the Indonesian government to immediately cease military operations in civilian and IDP areas, grant humanitarian access, and open dialogue toward a peaceful resolution.
Armed clashes erupted again in the Omukia District, Puncak Regency, on 27 March’26
IDPs from the Puncak Regency flee their village carrying an Indonesian flag to avoid being mistaken for TPNPB combatants, 10 March 2026
On 3 March 2026, a drone reportedly dropped this grenade on a groupf Papuans holding a traditional ceremony in Kembru District
Intan Jaya
Two significant incidents were documented between late January and early March 2026. On 30 January 2026, the Santo Bernardus Catholic Church in Jalae Village, Sugapa District, was reportedly destroyed by an Indonesian military (TNI) helicopter. On 1 March 2026, local sources documented a shootout between Indonesian military forces and TPNPB fighters in Wandoga Village, Sugapa District, during which Indonesian military personnel allegedly demolished 26 civilian homes and destroyed vegetable gardens. Soldiers confiscated farming and hunting tools including knives, axes, machetes, bows and arrows.
Civilians from Wandoga Village reportedly fled to neighbouring villages and the town centre of Sugapa in search of safety. The pattern of displacement due to military operations and armed conflict is a recurring crisis in Intan Jaya, compounded by the complete absence of formal emergency shelter facilities or humanitarian camps for those affected. Children have been deprived of schooling, some have lost parents, and vulnerable community members continue to bear the brunt of the conflict with no adequate protection infrastructure in place.
IDPs from Wandoga Village, Intan Jaya, set up a temporary camp, March 2026
Teluk Bintuni
On 29 March 2026, 21 internally displaced persons from the North Moskona and Far North Moskona districts were successfully evacuated to Teluk Bintuni Regency, following nearly five months of displacement triggered by an exchange of fire between TPNPB and security forces in Moyeba Village in October 2025. Having survived in the forest for several months under increasingly harsh conditions, the group undertook an extensive journey on foot to Maybrat Regency, where they received assistance from local authorities before being transferred to Sorong City. Acting District Head Markus Frasa expressed hope that the government, in coordination with security forces, would promptly assess conditions in the affected districts to enable the community’s safe return.
Nduga
IDPs from the Nduga Regency have now been displaced for eight years as a result of ongoing armed conflict, with their situation remaining critically neglected as of early 2026. The IDPs are scattered across multiple locations including Muliama, Tikilmo-Welesi, Wamena city and its surroundings, Keneyam, Nogolait Upper and Lower, and Hubikosi District in Jayawijaya Regency, where they have been sheltering in church facilities and semi-permanent housings since 2018. Humanitarian activists alleged in March 2026 that the Nduga regional government has failed to enable access to basic needs, including clean water, decent housing, lighting, healthcare or education, despite an alleged allocation of 10 billion rupiah (about € 560,000) in government funds for IDPs that allegedly never reached the community.
Women give birth without medical assistance in the camps and the sick are often lack access to medication. While many displaced children do not attend school, the Sapalek Primary School and Yapesli Primary School in Wamena serve 562 displaced children from Nduga. In January 2026, the Papua Foundation for Justice and Human Integrity (YKKMP) provided stationery donations in the absence of government support.
Tensions between local communities and IDPs reportedly emerged in Hubikosi District, Residents demanded the relocation of Nduga IDPs, describing their presence as “illegal” due to the absence of any official government explanation or oversight. The situation prompted a visit by the Head of Mugi District in early March 2026 to negotiate a resolution. The Deputy Regent of Jayawijaya was reported to have been visibly moved to tears upon witnessing conditions in the displacement camps on 9 March 2026 (see video below, source: independent HRD), underscoring the severity of a humanitarian crisis that has persisted largely unaddressed for nearly a decade.
IDPs from the Mebarok district in Nduga regency are reportedly facing dire circumstances deep in the forest fleeing their homes since January 2025. Information regarding the whereabouts of the IDPs has been reported to the local government. However, there has been no response to date, forcing them to endure the challenging conditions in the camps (see photo below, source: Suara Papua).
IDPs from the Mebarok district seek shelter in a makeshift tent set up in the middle of the forest, March’26
Pegunungan Bintang
As of 16 January 2026, IDPs from Kiwirok District remain in prolonged displacement. The IDPs still shelter in the surrounding forest and in other districts, with no signs of return. According to a local sources, media reports of residents returning home and TPNPB forces surrendering are characterised as a TNI strategic narrative rather than a reflection of reality on the ground. Access to education, healthcare and religious services remains completely paralysed. Young volunteer teams reportedly established makeshift reading corners, basic healthcare services and church gatherings. Humanitarian aid has only occasionally reached the IDP camps by road, but the quantity and regularity of such aid remain inadequate. Accordingly, an unknown number of deaths due to lack of medical assistance have already been reported.
On 23 January 2026, the Central Executive Board of the Pegunungan Bintang Student Association (IMPPTANG) held a peaceful protest in the regency capital Oksibil. The protesters presented a formal statement to the Regent and Regional Parliament of Pegunungan Bintang demanding an immediate halt to military deployments, the evacuation and return of IDPs from Oksop and Kiwirok Districts, the withdrawal of both organic and non-organic military forces, and the revocation of planned mining licences in the regency. HRM did not receive updated information on the situation of IDPs from the Oksop District throughout the past three months.
Protest against militarization in the town of Oksibil, Peunungan Bintang, 23 January 2026
Lanny Jaya
On 20 January 2026, a peaceful rally at the Kuyawage field in Lanny Jaya Regency, supported by church leaders, customary leaders, local government figures, women’s representatives, youth, students and academics, formally rejected the presence of non-organic military forces in their district. Protesters demanded the immediately withdrawal of non-organic military personnel from Kuyawage, stating that their presence has caused civilians to live in sustained fear and trauma. The community formally declared Kuyawage a displacement area for civilians fleeing conflict and demanded an end to all forms of intimidation and inhumane treatment of indigenous Papuans. Additional grievances included the construction of permanent and new TNI military posts without the consent of indigenous communities, the destruction of civilian facilities including school buildings, health centres and homes during military operations, and the unilateral opening of free schools by the TNI without coordination with the Ministry of Education.
IDPs across West Papua, Indonesia, as of 27 March 2026
| Regency | No IDPs | Displaced since | Additional info |
| Nduga [2] | 58,981 | 4 Dec. 18 | IDPs originate from 11 districts in Nduga; more than 615 IDPs reportedly died as of January 2022. New displacements were reported from the Yugur District on 18 January 2025 |
| Puncak [3] | 2,724 | 27 Apr. 21 | At least 16 IDPs have reportedly died during displacement |
| > 3,000 | 3 Juni 24 | 900 households from the districts of Agandugume and Oneri fled their villages | |
| Intan Jaya [4] | 12,859 | 31 March 25 | At least 126 IDPs face health issues, and 11 IDPs reportedly died |
| Maybrat [5] | 2,800 | 2 Sep. 21 | Remaining IDPs originated from districts South East Aifat, Far East Aifat, and two villages in the Middle-East Aifat District; 138 IDPs reportedly died, |
| Pegunungan Bintang (Kiwirok District) [6] | 752 | 10 Oct. 21 | About 200 IDPs fled to PNG, 96 IDPs reportedly died in the camps as of April’25, and dozens of IDPs suffered from sickness. |
| Yahukimo (Suru-Suru District) [7] | > 800 | 20 Nov. 21 | IDPs from 13 villages sought shelter in 15 temporary camps, 16 women gave birth without medical attention, and 13 IDPs reportedly died. |
| Yahukimo (Dekai District) [8] | 554 | 21 Aug. 23 | 13 people were sick; one died, and two females were killed |
| Pegunungan Bintang (Oksop District) [9] | 4,584 | 08 Dec. 24 | The IDPs originate from Mimin, Alutbakon, Atenar, Oksop, and Oktumi villages. At least eight IDPs passed away in camps between late December ’24 and mid-June’25 |
| Nduga (Kroptak District) [10] | 2,000 | 7 Dec. 24 | First counts mentioned 65 toddlers, eight pregnant women, five severely ill individuals, and 15 elderly persons. |
| Teluk Bintuni (Moskona Barat District) [11] | N/A | 15 Jan 25 | One woman reportedly died in the forest during displacement |
| Nduga (Mebarok District) [12] | N/A | 18 Jan 25 | Residents from at least nine villages fled into the forests |
| Puncak (Districts Pogoma, Sinak, Kembru & Bina) [13] | > 2,000 | 12 Feb 25 | IDPs originate from the districts of Pogoma, Sinak, Bina, and Kembru |
| Yahukimo (Districts Angguruk & Hereapini) [14] | N/A | 24 March 25 | N/A |
| Yahukimo (Districts Dekai and Seradala) [15] | 71 | 11 April 25 | composed of 13 women, 17 men, 2 infants, 20 children, and 19 young women. |
| Jayawijaya (Maima District) [16] | N/A | 9 June 25 | N/A |
| Intan Jaya (Hitadipa, Sugapa, and Agisiga) [17] | 6.375 | 30 March & 18 June 25 | The affected villages are Zanamba, Jaindapa, Sugapa Lama, Titigi, Ndugusiga, Hitadipa, and Soagama. About 900 IDPs returned on 27 June 2025 |
| Puncak (Pogoma, Bina & Sinak Barat) [18] | hundreds | 07 May 25 | IDPs sought refuge in the Sinak District |
| Puncak (Gome & Gome Utara) [19] | N/A | 22 May 25 | IDPs from Mundirok Walen Karu, Tobanggi, and Ilanggume sought refuge in Inggernok, Kagago 1, Kagago 2, Ilaga Town, and at the Puncak Regent’s residence in Gome. |
| Puncak (Yugumuak) [20] | hundreds | 18 June 25 | N/A |
| Puncak (Omukia) [21] | hundreds | 24 June 25 | N/A |
| Puncak Jaya (Lumo) [22] | N/A | 11 August 25 | Security forces reportedly burnt residential houses in Lumo Village to the ground. |
| Intan Jaya (Suugapa) [23] | > 1,000 | 16 August 25 | IDPs originate from villages Eknemba, Kusage, Taitawa, Ndugupa, Molemba, and Zoanbili in the Sugapa District. |
| Yahukimo (Sumo) [24] | 1,890 | 15 August 25 | N/A |
| Intan Jaya (Hitadipa) [25] | >145 | 11 September 25 – 15 October 25 | IDPs originate from villages Bulapa, Gamagae, Yuwaitapa, Yoparu, Galunggama, Soanggama, Janamba, and Kulapa. |
| Teluk Bintuni (Moskona Utara & Moskona Utara Jauh) [26] | 238 | 18 October 25 | IDPs originate from villages Moyeba Satu, Mesum, Meven, Inovina, and Mosror |
| Lanny Jaya (Melagi) [27] | 2,300 | 5 October 25 | IDPs originate from Wunabugu Village and the surrounding areas |
| Yahukimo (Dekia) [28] | 222 | 31 October 25 | IDPs originate from villages Domon 1 and Domon 2 |
| Mimika (Jila) [29] | > 1,700 | 1 Nov & 10 Dec 25 | IDPs originate from the Jila District |
| Yahukimo (Dekai) [30] | 83 | 12 Nov 25 | IDPs originate from the Jl Gunung Area. Two IDPs reportedly died during displacement. |
| Intan Jaya (Sugapa) [31] | hundreds | 7 Nov 25 | N/A |
| Puncak (Kembru) [32] | hundreds | 22 Jan 26 | N/A |
| Intan Jaya (Sugapa) [33] | N/A | 1 March 26 | N/A |
| Mimika (Tembaggapura) [34] | > 1,000 | 5 March 26 | IDPs included infants, young children, pregnant women and the elderly |
| Puncak (Beoga) [35] | 61 | 8 March 26 | N/A |
| Nabire (Nabire) [36] | N/A | 8 March 26 | N/A |
| Tambrauw (Fef & Bamusbama) [37] | N/A | 18 March 26 | N/A |
| T O T A L | > 107.039 | ||
[1] The term ‘West Papua’ in this paper refers to the western half of New Guinea Island, composed of the Indonesian provinces of Papua, Papua Pegunungan, Papua Tengah, Papua Selatan, Papua Barat, and Papua Barat Daya
[2] Compiled by a group of Papuan human rights defenders who visited IDPs from Nduga in the town of Wamena and surrounding areas between 12 and 20 July 2023
[3] Jubi (9.11.2021): SORAKPATOK: 300 tewas dan 50 ribu warga Papua mengungsi, available at: https://jubi.co.id/sorakpatok-300-tewas-dan-50-ribu-warga-papua-mengungsi/&
Jubi (12.07.2024): 500 KK dari Distrik Agandugume dan Oneri, sudah sebulan lebih mengungsi di Sinak, available at: https://jubi.id/polhukam/2024/500-kk-dari-distrik-agandugume-dan-oneri-sudah-sebulan-lebih-mengungsi-di-sinak/
[4] Independent HRDs in INtan Jaya, April 2025. CNN Indonesia (30.10.2021): Ribuan Warga Papua Mengungsi Usai Pecah Kontak Senjata, available at: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20211030195433-12-714496/ribuan-warga-papua-mengungsi-usai-pecah-kontak-senjata
[5] Report received from local HRD following an investigation to Maybrat in late October 2025
[6] Data on total IDPs and deaths were updated by church workers visiting IDP camps in Pegunungan Bintang in April 2025.
[7] The number is based on data compiled by local church workers. The information was received in February 2022
[8] The number is based on a name list that human rights defenders in Dekai compiled in September 2023
[9] Based on updated information collected by the GIDI Church and local informants in November 2025. HRM received the data in mid-December 2025
[10] Based on data collected by human rights defenders in Kroptak. HRM received the reports on 18.12.2024
[11] Based on media information published on 13 January 2025 and information collected from local human rights defenders received on 19 January 2025
[12] Based on media information published on 26 February 2025
[13] Based on media information published on 14 February 2025 and information collected from local human rights defenders received between 11 and 19 February 2025
[14] Based on information from local informants and media information published on 23 March 2025
[15] Suara Papua (11.04.2025): Dikabarkan Sebanyak 71 Warga Sipil Mengungsi ke Kota Dekai, available at: https://suarapapua.com/2025/04/11/dikabarkan-sebanyak-71-warga-sipil-mengungsi-ke-kota-dekai/
[16] Nolen Wene (16.06.2025): Baru Mengungsi Karena Banjir Masyarakat Di Wamena Mengungsi Lagi Akibat Rentetan Tembakan, available at: https://nokenwene.com/2025/06/10/baru-mengungsi-karena-banjir-masyarakat-di-wamena-mengungsi-lagi-akibat-rentetan-tembakan/
[17] HRM received the data on IDPs from two local sources on 5 April 2025 and Nabire.NET (05.04.2025): Bupati Intan Jaya Salurkan Bantuan Sembako Ke Pengungsi Di Distrik Hitadipa, available at: https://www.nabire.net/bupati-intan-jaya-salurkan-bantuan-sembako-ke-pengungsi-di-distrik-hitadipa/;informatio & updated information published by Jubi on 30 June 2025
[18] HRM received the data on IDPs from two local sources between 8 and 18 May 2025
[19] HRM received the data on IDPs from two local sources between 22 and 28 May 2025, and Papua Daily.Com (24.05.2025) Warga dua kampung di Puncak mengungsi pasca penembakan warga sipil, available at: https://www.papuadaily.com/warga-dua-kampung-di-puncak-mengungsi-pasca-penembakan-warga-sipil/?fbclid=
[20] Papua Bangkit.com (22.06.2025): Sekda Nenu Tabuni Serahkan Santunan Korban Penembakan di Yugumuak dan Bantuan Beras Kepada Pengungsi Sinak – Papua Bangkit available at: https://papuabangkit.com/2025/06/22/sekda-nenu-tabuni-serahkan-santunan-korban-penembakan-di-yugumuak-dan-bantuan-beras-kepada-pengungsi-sinak/ & information received from local informants
[21] Suara Papua (24.06.2024): Operasi Militer Dua Hari, Banyak Rumah Warga Sipil di Distrik Omukia Terbakar, available at: https://suarapapua.com/2025/06/24/operasi-militer-dua-hari-banyak-rumah-warga-sipil-di-distrik-omukia-terbakar/ & information received from local informants
[22] Kabar Gunung.com (11.08.2025): Operasi Kolonial Militer Indonesia TNI-Polri Terhadap Warga Sipil di Distrik Lumo, Kabupaten Puncak Jaya, Papua Tengah, available at: https://kabargunung.com/konfilik-tni-polri-dan-wpa/operasi-kolonial-militer-indonesia-tni-polri-terhadap-warga-sipil-di-distrik-lumo-kabupaten-puncak-jaya-papua-tengah/ & information received from local informants
[23] Jelata News (17.08.2025): https://jelatanewspapua.com/breaking-news-operasi-militer-dan-penembakan-di-intan-jaya-masyarakat-dua-kampung-mengungsi-ke-hutan/ &
Kabar Gunung (16.08.2025): Kamera Drone Gantung Bom, Pasukan Darat TNI-Polri Kerahkan Kekuatan Besar di Eknemba Zoanbili Kabupaten Intan Jaya Papua Tengah, available at: https://kabargunung.com/ulmwp/kamera-drone-gantung-bom-pasukan-darat-tni-polri-kerahkan-kekuatan-besar-di-eknemba-zoanbili-kabupaten-intan-jaya-papua-tengah/ & information received from local informants
[24] Information received from local informants
[25] Information received from local informants
[26] Information received from local informants & Suara Papua (22.10.2025): 209 Warga Moskona di Bintuni Mengungsi ke Hutan, available at: https://suarapapua.com/2025/10/22/209-warga-moskona-di-bintuni-mengungsi-ke-hutan/
[27] Information received from local NGO & Tribun News (24.10.2025): 2.000 Pengungsi Lanny Jaya Tolak Pulang Sebelum TNI Ditarik dari Kampung, available at: https://papua.tribunnews.com/news/120302/2000-pengungsi-lanny-jaya-tolak-pulang-sebelum-tni-ditarik-dari-kampung.
[28] Based on information from local informants
[29] Information received from local HRDs and media information published on 18 November 2025 and 12 December 25
[30] Information received from local HRDs
[31] Information received from local HRDs
[32] Information received from local informants &Tiruu.com (21.02.2026): Bupati Puncak Salurkan Bantuan Sembako untuk Pengungsi di Puncak Jaya, available at: https://tiiruu.com/2026/02/21/bupati-puncak-salurkan-bantuan-sembako-untuk-pengungsi-di-puncak-jaya/ &
Suara Papua (18.02.2026): SD YPPGI Milawak Jadi Pos Militer, TPNPB: Stop Tumbalkan Pelajar!, available at: https://suarapapua.com/2026/02/18/sd-yppgi-milawak-jadi-pos-militer-tpnpb-stop-tumbalkan-pelajar/
[33] Based on information from local informants
[34] Information received from local informants & Suara Papua ()3.03.2026): Tiga Warga Sipil di Tembagapura Tewas, Ribuan Orang Mengungsi, available at: https://suarapapua.com/2026/03/03/tiga-warga-sipil-di-tembagapura-tewas-ribuan-orang-mengungsi/
[35] Based on information from local informants
[36] Based on information from local informants
[37] Based on information from local informants and Suara Papua (20.03.2026): Usai 12 Orang Ditangkap, Warga Tambrauw Dilaporkan Mengungsi, available at: https://suarapapua.com/2026/03/20/usai-12-orang-ditangkap-warga-tambrauw-dilaporkan-mengungsi/
