Between September and October 2025, West Papua experienced widespread internal displacement increasing the number of displaced persons. As of October 2025, more than 103,218 civilians across multiple regencies remained displaced due to military operations and armed conflict (see table below). The vast majority of the internally displaced persons (IDPs) are indigenous Papuans. The most severe crises occurred in Intan Jaya, where successive military operations in September displaced entire villages. A particularly deadly operation in Soanggama on 15 October killed 15 people and displaced 145 residents to Hitadipa. Almost simultaneously, Teluk Bintuni saw 238 people flee to the forests following armed clashes on 11 October. Approximately 2,000-2,300 residents fled their homes in Lanny Jaya after a military helicopter operation on 5 October disrupted a church service. Paniai experienced the displacement of 1,130 people after security forces occupied a community health centre, and Yalimo saw over 600 residents, including teachers and civil servants, flee to Wamena in September 2025 due to civil unrest in the town of Elelim. More than 200 villagers were internally displaced in Yahukimo following armed clashes in the Dekai District. on 31 October 2025
.The humanitarian conditions across all displacement sites were uniformly dire, characterised by acute shortages of food, medicine, clean water, and shelter. IDPs sheltering in forests faced particularly harsh conditions with minimal humanitarian access, while those in evacuation camps struggled with severe overcrowding, inadequate resources, and the complete cessation of daily activities. The situation is further complicated by communication difficulties, restricted humanitarian access due to security force controls, and the presence of vulnerable populations, including children, pregnant women, and elderly persons without specialised support services.
Military occupation of civilian infrastructure, including schools, churches, and health centres, not only triggered initial displacement but also prevented returns and disrupted essential services. This pattern continues to recur in the context of armed conflict in West Papua, despite heavy criticism from national human rights observers. In February 2025, the National Human Rights Commission (Komnas HAM) condemned the use of public facilities such as schools, district offices, and churches as security posts by the Indonesian military (TNI) and police in West Papua, stating that it constitutes a human rights violation.
This crisis reveals a systematic pattern of military operations that disproportionately affect civilian populations and violate principles of distinction between combatants and non-combatants. The long-term nature of these displacements, with some populations like those in Pegunungan Bintang displaced since 2021 and over 10,000 Nduga IDPs living in Jayawijaya since December 2019, indicates an entrenched humanitarian emergency requiring sustained attention. The IDPs refuse to return until military forces withdraw from their villages.
Yahukimo
On 30 October 2025, a gun battle reportedly erupted between members of the West Papua National Liberation Army (TPNPB) and joint Indonesian security forces in the area near villages Domon 1 and Domon 2, Dekai District, Yahukimo Regency, Papua Province. The exchange of fire reportedly began around 05:30 am and rapidly spread into residential areas. As TNI, Brimob, and Marine units conducted sweeping operations accompanied by heavy gunfire, panic ensued among local residents. More than 50 civilians who were on the mountain road fled toward Yahukimo city, while others sought refuge in the surrounding forests to escape the armed violence.
According to local human rights defenders, the IDPs who fled into the forest have not yet returned home due to ongoing fear and insecurity. The displaced population currently numbers at least 222 individuals, consisting of 123 men, 85 women, 10 infants, and 4 pregnant women. They continue living in precarious conditions without proper access to food, water, or healthcare. The situation remains unstable, and local humanitarian actors have been unable to reach the area safely due to continued military presence and restricted access.
IDPs in Dekai on 31 October 2025
Intan Jaya
Multiple waves of displacement occurred in Intan Jaya Regency during September and October 2025 due to Indonesian military operations affecting several villages across different districts. The operations disrupted civilian life and forced entire communities to flee their homes, seeking safety in forests, neighbouring villages, and district centres.
In September 2025, two major displacement events took place. On 11 September, military operations began around 5:00 am in the Sugapa District, affecting five indigenous villages, including Jalai Village. The entire populations of these villages fled to the forests and nearby villages. Indonesian military reportedly occupied the YPPK Jalai Elementary School and Fransiskus Jalai Catholic Church, transforming the public facilities into military posts. The operation occurred after TPNPB shot down a military drone on 10 September, leading to increased tensions and additional troop deployments. Two weeks later, on 25 September, military operations expanded to affect five more villages: Bulapa, Gamagae, Yuwaitapa, Yoparu, and Galunggama. According to information from local sources, residents from these communities fled to seek refuge in Sugapa town and Ugimba District.
The displacement crisis intensified when a military operation in Soanggama village on 15 October 2025 resulted in 15 deaths, including 9 civilians and 6 TPNPB members. The operation reportedly caused residents from the villages Soanggama, Janamba, and Kulapa to flee to the Hitadipa District centre. A total of 145 displaced persons were documented in Hitadipa, consisting of 68 women, 38 men, and 39 children. The situation remained volatile as military operations continued even in areas where September IDPs had sought refuge, particularly in Ugimba District, where armed clashes occurred on 12 October.
The humanitarian situation remained critical throughout both months, with displaced communities experiencing disrupted access to healthcare, education, and economic activities. At least one child death was reported on 4 September due to the inability to access medical care in time. The IDPs continued to live in fear and trauma. Their villages remain under military control. IDPs in Hitadipa called for assistance from local government officials, highlighting the urgent need for humanitarian intervention and government support.
IDPs in Intan Jaya fleeing to the neighbouring Ugimba Village, October 2025
IDPs from Bulapa Village, Intan Jaya, flee their homes on 25 September 2025
Teluk Bintuni
Local observers documented internal displacement in Teluk Bintuni Regency, West Papua Province, following an armed clash on 11 October 2025 between TPNPB combatants and Indonesian security forces in Moyeba Village, North Moskona District. The incident resulted in the death of one TNI soldier and left three others critically injured, with one military rifle reportedly taken by TPNPB forces. The violent confrontation created security tensions that forced hundreds of civilians from two districts to flee their homes and seek shelter in the surrounding forests.
The displacement affected nine villages across two districts in Teluk Bintuni Regency. In North Moskona District, six villages were impacted: Moyeba Satu, Mesum, North Moyeba, East Moyeba, West Moyeba, and Meven. In the Far North Moskona District, three villages reported displacements: Inovina, Mosror, and East Mesyem. According to records compiled by 18 October 2025, a total of 238 people had fled to the forests. An unspecified number of other residents fled to Bintuni City. Among those documented in forest camps were predominantly women, children, and elderly persons.
The humanitarian conditions for IDPs remained dire as they sheltered in the forests with severely limited resources. IDPs faced acute shortages of food, medicine, proper shelter, emergency tents, and health services. All normal community activities ceased, with schools and churches temporarily closing as teachers and others fled alongside the general population. Communication with displaced communities proved extremely difficult due to telecommunication network disruptions and security force restrictions for humanitarian workers, making it challenging to verify exact numbers and assess the full extent of their needs.
IDPs from Moskona have sought shelter in the surrounding forrest, 18 October 2025
Lanny Jaya
According to media reports, internal displacement in Lanny Jaya Regency, Papua Pegunungan Province, occurred following a military operation in the Wunabugu Village, Melagi District, involving two military helicopters on 5 October 2025. The helicopters caused immediate panic among the villagers, most of whom were reportedly attending church service when the military forces approached. The sudden attack prevented worshippers from proceeding with Holy Communion and caused the entire community to flee. Two villagers have been reported missing since the operation.
Approximately 2,000 to 2,300 residents from Wunabugu Village and surrounding areas fled to Yigemili Village, where they established evacuation camps. The IDPs consisted of children, mothers, and fathers who sought refuge in two traditional houses and two government-provided aid tents. The displacement affected a broader region beyond the Melagi District, with concerns raised about similar situations in the districts of Melagineri, Wano Barat, Kwiyawage, and Goa Balim. As of 27 October 2025, the IDPs remained in evacuation sites without adequate access to basic necessities. The ongoing military presence in their home villages prevented displaced persons from returning, as TNI personnel continued to occupy the area where the raid occurred. The IDPs firmly refused to return to their homes until military personnel withdrew from their villages, stating they would remain in evacuation camps until the end of the year if necessary.
The humanitarian conditions in the evacuation camps remain challenging, with IDPs experiencing severe shortages of food and drinking water. Daily community activities were temporarily ceased, including farming, hunting, gardening, education, health services, and religious worship. Children were unable to attend school, and residents could not access their gardens or forests for subsistence activities due to fear of military presence. The Lanny Jaya Regency Government, led by Regent Aletinus Yigibalom, responded by distributing basic food aid, including rice, sugar, coffee, and instant noodles, through the Social Services Agency starting 6 October 2025, with distribution points in Wunabunggu Mebenga Village, Yigemili Goyage Village, and Mbu Village.
IDPs from Wunabugu Village, early October 2025
Paniai
Between 20 and 25 September 2025, local observers documented internal displacements in Paniai Regency, Central Papua Province, following the occupation of a community health centre in Pasir Putih Village, Ekadide District, by joint security forces. On 20 September, security forces entered Pasir Putih Village without prior notification. On 22 September, security forces forcibly broke doors of the local health centre and converted it into a military post.
As a result of this unauthorised military occupation and ongoing patrols, residents from the seven villages, Pasir Putih, Debamomaida, Kogenepa, Widimeida, Makidimi, Kagokadagi, and Gakokotu, fled their homes, forming a first wave of IDPs totalling 930 people. An additional 250 residents from Totiyo Village, Teluk Deya District, reportedly fled due to the proximity of security operations, bringing the total number of IDPs to 1,130 people.
IDPs from Ekadide flee their homes in late September 2025
Yalimo
Civil unrest in Elelim District, the administrative capital of Yalimo Regency, led to the forced displacement of over 600 residents, most of whom fled to Wamena, Jayawijaya Regency, in the neighbouring Papua Pegunungan Province between 16 and 23 September 2025. The displaced, comprising families, teachers, health workers, civil servants, and migrants from various Indonesian provinces, sought refuge in Wamena, the capital of Jayawijaya Regency.
Official data recorded 684 IDPs registered in four waves of arrivals. The first wave of evacuees departed Elelim in the early hours of 17 September 2025, under police and military escort. They arrived at the Jayawijaya Police Headquarters (Mapolres Jayawijaya), which was converted into a temporary shelter and reception point. Upon arrival, police officers provided emergency food supplies, medical examinations, and psychological support. Several evacuees were immediately reunited with relatives or local community networks, while others remained temporarily under police protection. It is believed that most IDPs returned to Elelim by the end of October 2025.
Many of the displaced came from non-Papuan backgrounds, including residents from South Sulawesi, Java, Southeast Sulawesi, NTT, and Maluku, who had been living and working in Yalimo. Some fled carrying only the clothes on their backs, reporting the loss of homes, shops, and personal belongings due to the destruction in Elelim. The Ministry of Social Affairs (Kemensos) and the Papua Pegunungan Provincial Government distributed ready-to-eat meals and basic supplies on 22 September 2025.
Yahukimo
Armed clashes between July and August 2025 triggered a new wave of mass internal displacement in Yahukimo Regency, Papua Pegunungan. On 1 September, human rights defenders recorded displacement among the five indigenous Korowai sub-tribes Gobkaka, Bese, Arintap, Inta-Maya, and Arupkor around Dekai. The IDPs remain scattered across remote forest areas and nearby villages, with little or no access to food, medical services, or humanitarian aid. Continuous military patrols and sporadic occurrences of armed clashes have created an atmosphere of fear and insecurity, preventing many from returning to their homes.
IDPs sought shelter in the forest following repeated armed clashes in Yahukimo Regency in late July and August 2025
Puncak
A severe humanitarian crisis unfolded in Puncak Regency, Central Papua, resulting from an escalation of armed conflict that persisted for nearly nine months by October 2025. The prolonged conflict created what the National Human Rights Commission (Komnas HAM) characterized as an extraordinary displacement situation, with more than 9,261 people living in tent camps. This represented one of the largest displacement crises in the region. During a week-long visit to Central Papua in mid-October 2025, Komnas HAM Chair Anis Hidayah and Commissioner Abdul Haris Semendawai assessed the situation in Puncak Regency, particularly in Ilaga and Gome areas, as well as displacement sites in Nabire and Timika.
The IDPs from Puncak live in multiple locations, with the largest concentration of 9,261 IDPs in tent camps in Ilaga, while approximately 1,000 additional IDPs are scattered between Nabire and Timika. The IDPs have been living in displacement camps for approximately nine months by October 2025. Those who fled to Nabire and Timika also faced challenging living conditions, with four to five families often crammed into single small houses, each family consisting of five to seven people. Inadequate housing conditions create severe overcrowding and health risks.
The humanitarian conditions in displacement sites are concerning across all locations. IDPs experience acute shortages of daily necessities, and there are no special services for vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, children, and the elderly. Health conditions deteriorated significantly, with IDPs falling ill without access to adequate medical care. Children lost their right to education, as many schools have been damaged or burned down, teachers’ houses destroyed, and school assets lost. Those children who could attend school in displacement areas had to cover fees themselves, creating additional financial burdens for displaced families who already face economic challenges.
IDPs remain hesitant to return as non-organic security forces have been stationed in their home villages. They expressed a desire to return to their hometowns but insisted on the gradual and measured withdrawal of non-organic troops from the villages as a precondition for their safe return.
Pegunungan Bintang
IDPs from the districts Kiwirok and Oksop continue to live in the forest in semi-permanent camps, isolated from healthcare, education, and or humanitarian support. The IDPs from Kiwirok have been living in such camps since being displaced by military operations in September 2021. The Indonesian military’s restrictions on aid access have prevented local and international humanitarian organisations from reaching the affected population.
HRM received information regarding repeated aerial bombardments of a TPNPB outpost and IDP camps in the Kiwirok District, between 6 and 12 October 2025, using fighter jets, drones, and heavy explosives equipped with shrapnel to create greater harm to persons. First investigations of explosive fragments and shrapnel indicate that the Indonesian Air Force (AURI) may have used US-manufactured MK 81 or MK 82 conventional bombs. Similar weapons systems have been consistently used against both armed TPNPB forces and civilian settlements in Kiwirok since 2021. An aerial attack on 12 October was reportedly directed at residential houses. One bomb reportedly struck a roof, bounced off, and exploded in the yard. A second bomb exploded nearby. Two grenades were dropped directly next to the cooking area, though both failed to detonate. The attacks killed one domesticated piglet and severely damaged land, trees, and plantations located around the craters from explosions.
The systematic use of advanced weapons systems, including fighter jets, combat drones, and conventional shrapnel bombs, near civilian settlements risks civilian lives in violation of international humanitarian law. West Papua National Liberation Army (TPNPB) members are indigenous locals. They live with and among the IDPs. However, the presence of combatants among civilians is not a sufficient reason to justify indiscriminate attacks directed against civilian settlements, where a clear separation between civilians and targets can no longer be guaranteed.
Fighter planes attacking an IDP forest camp in Kiwirok, 6 October 2025
IDPs from Kiwirok worshiping at their forest shelter, September 2025
Remains of explosives dropped near IDP shelters in Kiwirok, early October 2025
Nduga
Since February 2023, more than 10,000 IDPs from Nduga have been estimated to live in the Jayawijaya Regency alone. Several thousand IDPs from Nduga Regency and neighbouring Puncak Regency have remained displaced in Kwiyawagi, Lanny Jaya Regency, as a result of ongoing military operations in their home areas. They live in makeshift shelters without reliable food, clean water, or medical care. According to local reports, the occupation of the newly built Agandugume health centre by the military and tight control over air transportation impede healthcare and humanitarian aid. Thousands of other IDPs from Nduga live scattered across other major cities and neighbouring regencies across West Papua.
IDPs across West Papua, Indonesia, as of 31 October 2025
| Regency | No IDPs | Displaced since | Additional info |
| Nduga [2] | 58,981 | 4 Dec. 18 | IDPs originate from 11 districts in Nduga; more than 615 IDPs reportedly died as of January 2022. New displacements were reported from the Yugur District on 18 January 2025 |
| Puncak [3] | 2,724 | 27 Apr. 21 | At least 16 IDPs have reportedly died during displacement |
| > 3,000 | 3 Juni 24 | 900 households from the districts of Agandugume and Oneri fled their villages | |
| Intan Jaya [4] | 12,859 | 31 March 25 | At least 126 IDPs face health issues, and 11 IDPs reportedly died |
| Maybrat [5] | 6,000 | 2 Sep. 21 | IDPs originated from 5 districts; 138 IDPs reportedly died, and the local Govt reportedly facilitated the return of IDPs since November 2022 |
| Pegunungan Bintang (Kiwirok District) [6] | 752 | 10 Oct. 21 | About 200 IDPs fled to PNG, 96 IDPs reportedly died in the camps as of April’25, and dozens of IDPs suffered from sickness. |
| Yahukimo (Suru-Suru District) [7] | > 800 | 20 Nov. 21 | IDPs from 13 villages sought shelter in 15 temporary camps, 16 women gave birth without medical attention, and 13 IDPs reportedly died. |
| Yahukimo (Dekai District) [8] | 554 | 21 Aug. 23 | 13 persons were sick; one died, and two females were killed |
| Pegunungan Bintang (Oksop District) [9] | 707 | 08 Dec. 24 | The IDPs originate from Oketumi, Mimin, Alutbakon, Atenor, and Bumbakon villages, including 251 toddlers, 45 elderly persons, ten pregnant women, and at least six sick persons urgently requiring medical attention. Eight IDPs passed away in camps between late December ’24 and mid-June’25 |
| Nduga (Kroptak District) [10] | 2,000 | 7 Dec. 24 | First counts mentioned 65 toddlers, eight pregnant women, five severely ill individuals, and 15 elderly persons. |
| Teluk Bintuni (Moskona Barat District) [11] | N/A | 15 Jan 25 | One woman reportedly died in the forest during displacement |
| Nduga (Mebarok District) [12] | N/A | 18 Jan 25 | Residents from at least nine villages fled into the forests |
| Puncak (Districts Pogoma, Sinak, Kembru & Bina) [13] | > 2,000 | 12 Feb 25 | IDPs originate from the districts Pogoma, Sinak, Bina, and Kembru |
| Yahukimo (Districts Angguruk & Hereapini) [14] | N/A | 24 March 25 | N/A |
| Yahukimo (Districts Dekai and Seradala) [15] | 71 | 11 April 25 | composed of 13 women, 17 men, 2 infants, 20 children, and 19 young women. |
| Jayawijaya (Maima District) [16] | N/A | 9 June 25 | N/A |
| Intan Jaya (Hitadipa, Sugapa, and Agisiga) [17] | 6.375 | 30 March & 18 June 25 | affected villages are Zanamba, Jaindapa, Sugapa Lama, Titigi, Ndugusiga, Hitadipa, and Soagama, about 900 IDps returend on 27 June 2025 |
| Puncak (Pogoma, Bina & Sinak Barat) [18] | hundreds | 07 May 25 | IDPs sought refuge in the Sinak District |
| Puncak (Gome & Gome Utara) [19] | N/A | 22 May 25 | IDPs from Mundirok Walen Karu, Tobanggi, and Ilanggume sought refuge in Inggernok, Kagago 1, Kagago 2, Ilaga Town, and at the Puncak Regent’s residence in Gome. |
| Puncak (Yugumuak) [20] | hundreds | 18 June 25 | N/A |
| Puncak (Omukia) [21] | hundreds | 24 June 25 | N/A |
| Puncak Jaya (Lumo) [22] | N/A | 11 August 25 | Securit forces reportedly burnt residential houses in Lumo Village to the ground |
| Intan Jaya (Suugapa) [23] | > 1,000 | 16 August 25 | IDPs originate from villages Eknemba, Kusage, Taitawa, Ndugupa, Molemba, and Zoanbili in the Sugapa District |
| Yahukimo (Sumo) [24] | 1,890 | 15 August 25 | N/A |
| Intan Jaya (Hitadipa) [25] | >145 | 11 September 25 – 15 October 25 | IDPs originate from villages Bulapa, Gamagae, Yuwaitapa, Yoparu, Galunggama, Soanggama, Janamba, and Kulapa, |
| Teluk Bintuni (Moskona Utara & Moskona Utara Jauh) [26] | 238 | 18 October 25 | IDPs originate from villages Moyeba Satu, Mesum, Meven, Inovina, Mosror |
| Lanny Jaya (Melagi) [27] | 2,300 | 5 October 25 | IDPs originate from Wunabugu Village and surrounding areas |
| Yahukimo (Dekia) [28] | 222 | 31 October 25 | IDPs originate from villages Domon 1 and Domon 2 |
| T O T A L | > 103,218 | ||
[1] The term ‘West Papua’ in this paper refers to the western half of New Guinea Island, composed of the Indonesian provinces of Papua, Papua Pegunungan, Papua Tengah, Papua Selatan, Papua Barat, and Papua Barat Daya
[2] Compiled by a group of Papuan human rights defenders that visited IDPs from Nduga in the town of Wamena and surrounding areas between 12 and 20 July 2023
[3] Jubi (9.11.2021): SORAKPATOK: 300 tewas dan 50 ribu warga Papua mengungsi, available at: https://jubi.co.id/sorakpatok-300-tewas-dan-50-ribu-warga-papua-mengungsi/&
Jubi (12.07.2024): 500 KK dari Distrik Agandugume dan Oneri, sudah sebulan lebih mengungsi di Sinak, available at: https://jubi.id/polhukam/2024/500-kk-dari-distrik-agandugume-dan-oneri-sudah-sebulan-lebih-mengungsi-di-sinak/
[4] Independent HRDs in INtan Jaya, April 2025. CNN Indonesia (30.10.2021): Ribuan Warga Papua Mengungsi Usai Pecah Kontak Senjata, available at: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20211030195433-12-714496/ribuan-warga-papua-mengungsi-usai-pecah-kontak-senjata
[5] Sorong News.Com (25.04.2025): 6,000 Warga Maybrat Tercatat Masih Mengungsi, Perbaikan Akses Jalan Jadi target Pemerintah, available at: https://sorongnews.com/6-000-warga-maybrat-tercatat-masih-mengungsi-perbaikan-akses-jalan-jadi-target-pemerintah/
[6] Data on total IDPs and deaths was updated by church workers visiting IDP camps in Pegunungan Bintang in April 2025.
[7] The number is based on data compiled by local church workers. The information was received in February 2022
[8] The number is based on a name list that human rights defenders in Dekai compiled in September 2023
[9] Based on data collected by the GIDI Church and local informants
[10] Based on data collected by human rights defenders in Kroptak. HRM received the reports on 18.12.2024
[11] Based on media information published on 13 January 2025 and information collected from local human rights defenders received on 19 January 2025
[12] Based on media information published on 26 February 2025
[13] Based on media information published on 14 February 2025 and information collected from local human rights defenders received between 11 and 19 February 2025
[14] Based on information from local informants and media information published on 23 March 2025
[15] Suara Papua (11.04.2025): Dikabarkan Sebanyak 71 Warga Sipil Mengungsi ke Kota Dekai, available at: https://suarapapua.com/2025/04/11/dikabarkan-sebanyak-71-warga-sipil-mengungsi-ke-kota-dekai/
[16] Nolen Wene (16.06.2025): Baru Mengungsi Karena Banjir Masyarakat Di Wamena Mengungsi Lagi Akibat Rentetan Tembakan, available at: https://nokenwene.com/2025/06/10/baru-mengungsi-karena-banjir-masyarakat-di-wamena-mengungsi-lagi-akibat-rentetan-tembakan/
[17] HRM received the data on IDPs from two local sources on 5 April 2025 and Nabire.NET (05.04.2025): Bupati Intan Jaya Salurkan Bantuan Sembako Ke Pengungsi Di Distrik Hitadipa, available at: https://www.nabire.net/bupati-intan-jaya-salurkan-bantuan-sembako-ke-pengungsi-di-distrik-hitadipa/;informatio & updated information published by Jubi on 30 June 2025
[18] HRM received the data on IDPs from two local sources between 8 and 18 May 2025
[19] HRM received the data on IDPs from two local sources between 22 and 28 May 2025 and Papua Daily.Com (24.05.2025) Warga dua kampung di Puncak mengungsi pasca penembakan warga sipil, available at: https://www.papuadaily.com/warga-dua-kampung-di-puncak-mengungsi-pasca-penembakan-warga-sipil/?fbclid=
[20] Papua Bangkit.com (22.06.2025): Sekda Nenu Tabuni Serahkan Santunan Korban Penembakan di Yugumuak dan Bantuan Beras Kepada Pengungsi Sinak – Papua Bangkit available at: https://papuabangkit.com/2025/06/22/sekda-nenu-tabuni-serahkan-santunan-korban-penembakan-di-yugumuak-dan-bantuan-beras-kepada-pengungsi-sinak/ & information received from local informants
[21] Suara Papua (24.06.2024): Operasi Militer Dua Hari, Banyak Rumah Warga Sipil di Distrik Omukia Terbakar, available at: https://suarapapua.com/2025/06/24/operasi-militer-dua-hari-banyak-rumah-warga-sipil-di-distrik-omukia-terbakar/ & information received from local informants
[22] Kabar Gunung.com (11.08.2025): Operasi Kolonial Militer Indonesia TNI-Polri Terhadap Warga Sipil di Distrik Lumo, Kabupaten Puncak Jaya, Papua Tengah, available at: https://kabargunung.com/konfilik-tni-polri-dan-wpa/operasi-kolonial-militer-indonesia-tni-polri-terhadap-warga-sipil-di-distrik-lumo-kabupaten-puncak-jaya-papua-tengah/ & information received from local informants
[23] Jelata News (17.08.2025): https://jelatanewspapua.com/breaking-news-operasi-militer-dan-penembakan-di-intan-jaya-masyarakat-dua-kampung-mengungsi-ke-hutan/ &
Kabar Gunung (16.08.2025): Kamera Drone Gantung Bom, Pasukan Darat TNI-Polri Kerahkan Kekuatan Besar di Eknemba Zoanbili Kabupaten Intan Jaya Papua Tengah, available at: https://kabargunung.com/ulmwp/kamera-drone-gantung-bom-pasukan-darat-tni-polri-kerahkan-kekuatan-besar-di-eknemba-zoanbili-kabupaten-intan-jaya-papua-tengah/ & information received from local informants
[24] Information received from local informants
[25] Information received from local informants
[26] Information received from local informants & Suara Papua (22.10.2025): 209 Warga Moskona di Bintuni Mengungsi ke Hutan, available at: https://suarapapua.com/2025/10/22/209-warga-moskona-di-bintuni-mengungsi-ke-hutan/
[27] Information received from local NGO & Tribun News (24.10.2025): 2.000 Pengungsi Lanny Jaya Tolak Pulang Sebelum TNI Ditarik dari Kampung, available at: https://papua.tribunnews.com/news/120302/2000-pengungsi-lanny-jaya-tolak-pulang-sebelum-tni-ditarik-dari-kampung.
[28] Based on information from local informants
